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This study aimed to investigate the potential unique role of language learning in comparison to other complex learning activities in enhancing cognitive functioning in cognitively healthy, community-dwelling older adults. Changes in psychosocial well-being and English language proficiency were also assessed. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in which 43 Dutch functional monolinguals aged 65–78 (mean = 70.0, SD = 3.4) completed a three-month English course (n = 15), music training (n = 13), or a lecture series (n = 15). Cognitive functioning (global cognition, cognitive flexibility, episodic memory, working memory, verbal fluency, and attention) and psychosocial well-being were assessed before and immediately after the intervention, and at a four-month follow-up. In addition, a moderation analysis examined how baseline global cognition, course engagement, and English proficiency gains predicted intervention outcomes. Participants in the language learning intervention significantly improved on episodic memory and cognitive flexibility. However, the magnitude of cognitive change did not significantly differ between the language learning and music training conditions. The exception was a larger positive change in cognitive flexibility (on a color-shape switching task) for the language learning intervention from pre-test to follow-up in comparison to both control interventions. Our results suggest that additional language learning in later life can improve some aspects of cognition and fluency in the additional language in older adults, but that its unique effects seem limited.\n\nAnalysis code and data that support the findings of the randomized controlled trial reported in the article \"The effects of language learning on cognitive functioning and psychosocial well-being in cognitively healthy older adults: A semi-blind randomized controlled trial\" (see Related Publication below).\n<br<br>\nIn addition, we provide the following supplementary materials: \n<ul>\n  <li>an OpenSesame/OSWeb script and description of the color-shape switching task used in this study</li>\n  <li>a PDF containing a short description of the neuropsychological, psychosocial well-being, and English proficiency measures used in this study</li>\n</ul>"}}]},{"typeName":"subject","multiple":true,"typeClass":"controlledVocabulary","value":["Arts and Humanities","Social Sciences"]},{"typeName":"keyword","multiple":true,"typeClass":"compound","value":[{"keywordValue":{"typeName":"keywordValue","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"cognitive functions"}},{"keywordValue":{"typeName":"keywordValue","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"psychosocial well-being"}},{"keywordValue":{"typeName":"keywordValue","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"language learning"}},{"keywordValue":{"typeName":"keywordValue","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"older adults"}},{"keywordValue":{"typeName":"keywordValue","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"randomized controlled trial"}}]},{"typeName":"publication","multiple":true,"typeClass":"compound","value":[{"publicationCitation":{"typeName":"publicationCitation","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"Brouwer, J., van den Berg, F., Knooihuizen, R., Loerts, H., & Keijzer, M. The effects of language learning on cognitive functioning and psychosocial well-being in cognitively healthy older adults: A semi-blind randomized controlled trial. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition. doi:10.1080/13825585.2024.2384107"},"publicationIDType":{"typeName":"publicationIDType","multiple":false,"typeClass":"controlledVocabulary","value":"doi"},"publicationIDNumber":{"typeName":"publicationIDNumber","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"10.1080/13825585.2024.2384107"}}]},{"typeName":"language","multiple":true,"typeClass":"controlledVocabulary","value":["Dutch","English"]},{"typeName":"grantNumber","multiple":true,"typeClass":"compound","value":[{"grantNumberAgency":{"typeName":"grantNumberAgency","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"Dutch Research Council (NWO)"},"grantNumberValue":{"typeName":"grantNumberValue","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"016.Vidi.185.190 6208"}}]},{"typeName":"depositor","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"Everhardt, Marita"},{"typeName":"dateOfDeposit","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"2023-11-01"},{"typeName":"software","multiple":true,"typeClass":"compound","value":[{"softwareName":{"typeName":"softwareName","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"R"},"softwareVersion":{"typeName":"softwareVersion","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"4.2.0"}},{"softwareName":{"typeName":"softwareName","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"OpenSesame"},"softwareVersion":{"typeName":"softwareVersion","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"3.3.7"}}]}]},"dansDataVaultMetadata":{"displayName":"Data Vault Metadata","name":"dansDataVaultMetadata","fields":[{"typeName":"dansDataversePid","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"doi:10.34894/SY1URJ"},{"typeName":"dansDataversePidVersion","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"1.0"},{"typeName":"dansBagId","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"urn:uuid:c4b55283-0cc6-44d6-be37-0cfb3ee57cc2"},{"typeName":"dansNbn","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"urn:nbn:nl:ui:13-0d99f30b-8adf-4363-bce6-9e73e98720fd"}]}},"files":[{"description":"This is the OpenSesame/OSWeb script used to run the color-shape switching task.\n\nIn the color-shape switching task, participants were presented with red and blue squares and circles, which appeared one-by-one in the middle of the screen on a gray background (RGB: 155, 155, and 155). Depending on the criterion, the participant had to either decide on the color or the shape of the stimulus by pressing a key. The cues, which only appeared in mixed blocks, were the Dutch words “VORM” (English: ‘shape’) or “KLEUR” (English: ‘color’) and appeared in white in Arial (font size: 72) in the middle of the screen. Four different versions of the color-shape switching task were used in a counterbalanced manner, which differ in the order of task blocks and the hand participants use to respond to the different blocks. Trials were presented as follows. First, the participants looked at a fixation cross at the center of the screen for 350 ms. In the single-task blocks, the stimulus appeared after a lag of 150 ms. Alternatively, in mixed blocks, a cue (“KLEUR” or “VORM”; 250 ms) appeared for 250 ms preceding the stimulus and remained on screen during the response window (max. 4000 ms). 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